This machine is a high-precision planetary ball mill engineered for advanced research and development laboratories. Its primary function is the ultra-fine grinding, mixing, homogenization, and mechanical alloying of small sample quantities down to the nano-scale (typically < 100 nm). It is characterized by its versatility in supporting both dry grinding and wet grinding pulverization methods within a compact, benchtop design.
1. Core Working Principle: Planetary Movement
The defining feature is its "planetary" motion, which generates extremely high centrifugal forces:
Dual Rotation: Multiple grinding jars (mill pots) are secured on a rotating disk called the planetary disk or sun wheel. Each jar rotates around its own axis (revolution) while the entire disk simultaneously rotates in the opposite direction around a central axis (rotation).
High-Energy Impact: This synergistic movement propels the grinding balls inside the jars along complex trajectories. The balls collide with the jar walls and each other with tremendous energy, combining impact and friction to pulverize the sample material efficiently and rapidly.
Precise Control: The speed ratio between the disk and the jars is critical, allowing users to precisely control the energy input for achieving target particle sizes.
2. Key Features and Specifications
| Feature | Description | Significance |
| Grinding Modes | Dry Grinding & Wet Grinding | Dry: Suitable for brittle materials, coarse-to-medium fine grinding.
Wet: Essential for nano-grinding, prevents agglomeration, cools the sample. |
| Final Fineness | Nano-Scale (< 100 nm) | Capable of achieving particle sizes required for advanced material science, pharmaceuticals, and nanotechnology research. |
| Design Type | Vertical Orientation | Compact benchtop footprint, optimal for space-constrained laboratories. Jars are mounted vertically on the planetary disk. |
| Sample Capacity | Laboratory Small Scale | Jar volumes typically range from 12 ml to 500 ml, ideal for R&D where material is scarce or expensive. Minimizes sample waste. |
| Speed Control | Variable Speed (e.g., 100 - 1100 rpm) | Digital control of rotation speed (RPM) is crucial for replicability and optimizing grinding energy for different materials. |
| Programmability | Digital Timer, Cycle Programming | Allows setting precise grinding durations (seconds to hours) and often features intermittent (pulse) or reverse cycling to prevent overheating. |
| Jar & Ball Materials | Stainless Steel, Tungsten Carbide, Agate, Zirconia, PTFE | Choice of material is vital to prevent contamination. Zirconia is highly preferred for nano-grinding due to its high density and wear resistance. |
3. Detailed Breakdown of Grinding Modes
A) Nano-Scale Vertical Dry Grinding Pulverizer
Process: The sample is loaded as a dry powder into the grinding jar.
Challenges: When aiming for nano-scale particles, dry grinding can lead to agglomeration (particles re-adhering) and caking on the jar walls due to van der Waals forces.
Solutions: Often requires the use of a Process Control Agent (PCA)—a small amount of surface-active substance (e.g., stearic acid)—to coat particles and prevent cold welding. Optimal for materials that are inherently brittle.
Best For: Initial size reduction, grinding moisture-sensitive materials, preparing dry powders for X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
B) Nano-Scale Vertical Wet Grinding Pulverizer
Process: The sample is combined with a liquid medium (e.g., water, ethanol, hexane) inside the jar to form a slurry or suspension.
Advantages: The liquid acts as a coolant (reducing heat build-up) and a dispersant (keeping nanoparticles separated), which is critical for achieving a stable, true nano-scale dispersion. It results in a more uniform particle size distribution.
Best For: Ultimate fineness, preparing nano-suspensions, grinding ductile materials, and minimizing thermal degradation of sensitive samples.
4. Applications in Laboratory Small Sample Preparation
This machine is indispensable in fields where small, representative samples must be prepared to an extremely fine and homogeneous state:
Materials Science: Synthesis of nano-powders, mechanical alloying, production of composite materials.
Geology & Mining: Pulverizing rock, mineral, and soil samples to a fine powder for precise chemical analysis (XRF, ICP-MS).
Pharmaceuticals: Size reduction of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to enhance bioavailability, and homogenization of formulations.
Chemicals & Ceramics: Preparing fine ceramic powders, pigments, and catalysts.
Biology & Agriculture: Grinding plant tissues, seeds, and soil samples for nutrient and contaminant analysis.
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